Decision+Making+Skills+!

=Decision Making Skills... =

Simple decisions usually need a simple decision-making process. But difficult decisions typically involve issues like these: With these difficulties in mind, the best way to make a complex decision is to use an effective process. Clear processes usually lead to consistent, high-quality results, and they can improve the quality of almost everything we do. In this article, we outline a process that will help improve the quality of your decisions. ==A Systematic Approach to Decision Making == A logical and systematic decision-making process helps you address the critical elements that result in a good decision. By taking an organized approach, you're less likely to miss important factors, and you can build on the approach to make your decisions better and better. There are six steps to making an effective decision:
 * Uncertainty - Many facts may not be known.
 * Complexity - You have to consider many interrelated factors.
 * High-risk consequences - The impact of the decision may be significant.
 * Alternatives - Each has its own set of uncertainties and consequences.
 * Interpersonal issues - It can be difficult to predict how other people will react.
 * 1) Create a constructive environment.
 * 2) Generate good alternatives.
 * 3) Explore these alternatives.
 * 4) Choose the best alternative.
 * 5) Check your decision.
 * 6) <span style="font-family: inherit; list-style-type: decimal; margin: 5px 20px 5px 30px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Communicate your decision, and take action.

===<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px;">Step 1: Create a constructive environment === <span style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px;">To create a constructive environment for successful decision making, make sure you do the following:
 * <span style="font-family: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 5px 20px 5px 30px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Establish the objective - Define what you want to achieve.
 * <span style="font-family: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 5px 20px 5px 30px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Agree on the process - Know how the final decision will be made, including whether it will be an individual or a team-based decision. The**<span style="color: #e36313; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Vroom-Yetton-Jago Model] **is a great tool for determining the most appropriate way of making the decision.
 * <span style="font-family: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 5px 20px 5px 30px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Involve the right people -**<span style="color: #e36313; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Stakeholder Analysis] **is important in making an effective decision, and you'll want to ensure that you've consulted stakeholders appropriately even if you're making an individual decision. Where a group process is appropriate, the decision-making group - typically a team of five to seven people - should have a good representation of stakeholders.
 * <span style="font-family: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 5px 20px 5px 30px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Allow opinions to be heard - Encourage participants to contribute to the discussions, debates, and analysis without any fear of rejection from the group. This is one of the best ways to**<span style="color: #e36313; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|avoid groupthink] **. The**<span style="color: #e36313; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Stepladder Technique] **is a useful method for gradually introducing more and more people to the group discussion, and making sure everyone is heard. Also, recognize that the objective is to make the best decision under the circumstances: it's not a game in which people are competing to have their own preferred alternatives adopted.
 * <span style="font-family: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 5px 20px 5px 30px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Make sure you're asking the right question - Ask yourself whether this is really the true issue. The**<span style="color: #e36313; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|5 Whys] **technique is a classic tool that helps you identify the real underlying problem that you face.
 * <span style="font-family: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 5px 20px 5px 30px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Use creativity tools from the start - The basis of creativity is thinking from a different perspective. Do this when you first set out the problem, and then continue it while generating alternatives. Our article**<span style="color: #e36313; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Generating New Ideas] **will help you create new connections in your mind, break old thought patterns, and consider new perspectives.

===<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px;">Step 2: Generate Good Alternatives === <span style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px;">This step is still critical to making an effective decision. The more good options you consider, the more comprehensive your final decision will be. <span style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px;">When you generate alternatives, you force yourself to dig deeper, and look at the problem from different angles. If you use the mindset ‘there must be other solutions out there,' you're more likely to make the best decision possible. If you don't have reasonable alternatives, then there's really not much of a decision to make!

===<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px;">Step 3: Explore the Alternatives === <span style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px;">When you're satisfied that you have a good selection of realistic alternatives, then you'll need to evaluate the feasibility, risks, and implications of each choice. Here, we discuss some of the most popular and effective analytical tools. > In decision making, there's usually some degree of uncertainty, which inevitably leads to risk. By evaluating the risk involved with various options, you can determine whether the risk is manageable.
 * <span style="font-family: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 5px 20px 5px 30px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Risk
 * <span style="font-family: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 5px 20px 5px 30px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**<span style="color: #e36313; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Risk Analysis] **helps you look at risks objectively. It uses a structured approach for assessing threats, and for evaluating the probability of events occurring - and what they might cost to manage.

> Another way to look at your options is by considering the potential consequences of each.
 * <span style="font-family: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 5px 20px 5px 30px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Implications
 * <span style="font-family: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 5px 20px 5px 30px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**<span style="color: #e36313; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Six Thinking Hats] **helps you evaluate the consequences of a decision by looking at the alternatives from six different perspectives.
 * <span style="font-family: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 5px 20px 5px 30px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**<span style="color: #e36313; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Impact Analysis] **is a useful technique for brainstorming the ‘unexpected' consequences that may arise from a decision.

> Determine if resources are adequate, if the solution matches your objectives, and if the decision is likely to work in the long term.
 * <span style="font-family: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 5px 20px 5px 30px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Validation
 * <span style="font-family: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 5px 20px 5px 30px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**<span style="color: #e36313; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Starbursting] **helps you think about the questions you should ask to evaluate an alternative properly.
 * <span style="font-family: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 5px 20px 5px 30px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">To assess pros and cons of each option, use**<span style="color: #e36313; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Force Field Analysis] **, or use the**<span style="color: #e36313; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Plus-Minus-Interesting] **approach.
 * <span style="font-family: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 5px 20px 5px 30px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**<span style="color: #e36313; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Cost-Benefit Analysis] **looks at the financial feasibility of an alternative.
 * <span style="font-family: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 5px 20px 5px 30px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Our**<span style="color: #e36313; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Bite-Sized Training session on Project Evaluation and Financial Forecasting] **helps you evaluate each alternative using the most popular financial evaluation techniques.

===<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px;">Step 4: Choose the Best Alternative === <span style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px;">After you have evaluated the alternatives, the next step is to choose between them. The choice may be obvious. However, if it isn't, these tools will help:
 * <span style="font-family: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 5px 20px 5px 30px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**<span style="color: #e36313; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Grid Analysis] **, also known as a decision matrix, is a key tool for this type of evaluation. It's invaluable because it helps you bring disparate factors into your decision-making process in a reliable and rigorous way.
 * <span style="font-family: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 5px 20px 5px 30px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Use**<span style="color: #e36313; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Paired Comparison Analysis] **to determine the relative importance of various factors. This helps you compare unlike factors, and decide which ones should carry the most weight in your decision.
 * <span style="font-family: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 5px 20px 5px 30px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**<span style="color: #e36313; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Decision Trees] **are also useful in choosing between options. These help you lay out the different options open to you, and bring the likelihood of project success or failure into the decision making process.

===<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px;">Step 5: Check Your Decision === <span style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px;">With all of the effort and hard work that goes into evaluating alternatives, and deciding the best way forward, it's easy to forget to ‘sense check' your decisions. This is where you look at the decision you're about to make dispassionately, to make sure that your process has been thorough, and to ensure that common errors haven't crept into the decision-making process. After all, we can all now see the catastrophic consequences that over-confidence, groupthink, and other decision-making errors have wrought on the world economy. <span style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px;">The first part of this is an intuitive step, which involves quietly and methodically testing the assumptions and the decisions you've made against your own experience, and thoroughly reviewing and exploring any doubts you might have. <span style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px;">A second part involves using a technique like **<span style="color: #e36313; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Blindspot Analysis] ** to review whether common decision-making problems like over-confidence, escalating commitment, or **<span style="color: #e36313; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|groupthink] ** may have undermined the decision-making process. <span style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px;">A third part involves using a technique like the **<span style="color: #e36313; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Ladder of Inference] ** to check through the logical structure of the decision with a view to ensuring that a well-founded and consistent decision emerges at the end of the decision-making process. ===<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px;">Step 6: Communicate Your Decision, and Move to Action! === <span style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px;">Once you've made your decision, it's important to explain it to those affected by it, and involved in implementing it. Talk about why you chose the alternative you did. The more information you provide about risks and projected benefits, the more likely people are to support the decision. <span style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px;">And with respect to implementation of your decision, our articles on **<span style="color: #e36313; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Project Management] ** and **<span style="color: #e36313; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Change Management] ** will help you get this implementation off to a good start! <span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 3px 0px 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px;">Key Points <span style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 0px;">An organized and systematic decision-making process usually leads to better decisions. Without a well-defined process, you risk making decisions that are based on insufficient information and analysis. Many variables affect the final impact of your decision. However, if you establish strong foundations for decision making, generate good alternatives, evaluate these alternatives rigorously, and then check your decision-making process, you will improve the quality of your decisions.

Mahmoud Zyoud--

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;">Decision-making rules Of the most important problems facing the process of decision-making uncertainty to constant changes in all directions and especially the evolution of information technology so to take the style has a comprehensive view of the decision through the study of different circumstances to be taken in which administrative decisions according to three criteria the President are:

1 ?decision in the case of certainty. 2 - decision in the case of uncertainty. 3 -decision risk situation. And certainly no decision must take to pass the following stages: 1 - determine the nature of the problem or objective to be achieved 2 - Analysis and evaluation of each alternative 3 - select the best alternative and the issuance of orders 4 - implementation of the resolution and follow-up and evaluation Be the decision maker in the case of making sure fully aware of the nature of the situation that will occur Bamny he can determine the amount of demand and the factors influencing the outcome of the decision and its effects and distinguish the decision in the case to make sure: 1 - There are several alternatives 2 - Existence of return and Ahkhadd each alternative This kind of decision is easier decisions Be the decision maker in a state of uncertainty and if you do not have past experience or mainly the lack of experiences in the past in the light can be estimated the potential for nature-related alternatives identified and characterized Alaqrarvi uncertainty: 1 - There are several alternatives 2 - The presence of more than one return on each alternative If the risk is not the decision maker fully informed of the nature of the situation that will occur, but he knows of the possibility of each case of nature in the light of their recurrence in the past and features a resolution in the case of risk: 1 - There are several alternatives with the possibility of success or failure of each 2 - The presence of more than one return on each alternative.
 * Decision-making in the case to make sure:
 * Decision-making in the case of uncertainty:
 * Decision-making in the case of risk:

edit by ibaa burhan mar3e